Piper J-3

J-3 Cub
	Piper J-3 Cub
Role	Trainer
Manufacturer	Piper
Designed by	C. G. Taylor; Walter Jamouneau
First flight	1938
Produced	1938-1947
Number built	19,888 (US built); 150 (Canadian-built); 253 TG-8 gliders
Unit cost	$995-$2,461 when new
Variants	PA-15 Vagabond; PA-16 Clipper; PA-18 Super Cub

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The Piper J-3 Cub is a small, simple, light aircraft that was built between 1937 and 1947 by Piper Aircraft. With tandem (fore and aft) seating, it was intended for flight training but became one of the most popular and best-known light aircraft of all time. The Cub's simplicity, affordability and popularity invokes comparisons to the Ford Model T automobile.

The aircraft's standard yellow paint has come to be known as “Cub Yellow” or "Lock Haven Yellow".²

Pre-war

The Taylor E-2 Cub first appeared in 1930, built by Taylor Aircraft in Bradford, Pennsylvania. Sponsored by William T. Piper, a Bradford industrialist who had invested in the company, the E-2 was meant to be an affordable aircraft that would encourage interest in aviation. Later in 1930, the company went bankrupt, with Piper buying the assets but keeping founder C. Gilbert Taylor on as president. In 1936, an earlier Cub was altered by employee Walter Jamouneau to become the J-2 while Taylor was on sick leave. (The coincidence led some to believe that the "J" stood for Jamouneau, while aviation historian Peter Bowers concluded that the letter simply followed the E, F, G, and H models, with the I omitted because it could be mistaken for the numeral one.)³⁴. When he saw the redesign, Taylor was so incensed that he fired Jamouneau. Piper, however, had encouraged Jamouneau's changes, and hired him back. Piper then bought Taylor's share in the company, paying him US$250 per month for three years. ⁵

Although sales were initially slow, about 1,200 J-2s were produced before a fire in the Piper factory ended its production in 1938. After Piper moved his company from Bradford to Lock Haven, the J-3, which featured further changes by Jamouneau, replaced the J-2. Powered by a 40 hp (30 kW) engine, in 1938, it sold for just over $1,000. ⁶

The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in 1939, coupled with the growing realization that the United States might soon be drawn into World War II, resulted in the formation of the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP). The Piper J-3 Cub would play an integral role in the success of the CPTP, achieving legendary status.⁷

A number of different engines, air-cooled flat-4 boxer engine configuration and a very few examples equipped with Lenape 3-cylinder radial engines were used to power J-3 Cubs, and resulted in differing model designations for each type: the J3C model used the Continental A-65, the J3F used the Franklin 4AC engine, and the J3L used the Lycoming O-145.⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹

The Piper J-3 Cub became the primary trainer aircraft of the CPTP — 75 percent of all new pilots in the CPTP (from a total of 435,165 graduates) were trained in Cubs. By war's end, 80 percent of all United States military pilots received their initial flight training in Piper Cubs. The need for new pilots created an insatiable appetite for the Cub. In 1940, the year before the United States' entry into the war, 3,016 Cubs were built; soon, wartime demands would increase that production rate to one Piper J-3 Cub being built every 20 minutes.⁷

World War II service

L-4A painted and marked to represent an aircraft that flew in support of the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942

A Piper Cub of the 1st Marine Division’s improvised air force snags a message from a patrol on New Britain's north coast.

The Piper Cub quickly became a familiar sight. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt took a flight in a J-3 Cub, posing for a series of publicity photos to help promote the CPTP. Newsreels and newspapers of the era often featured images of wartime leaders, such as Generals Dwight Eisenhower, George Patton and George Marshall, flying around European battlefields in Piper Cubs. Civilian-owned Cubs joined the war effort as part of the newly formed Civil Air Patrol (CAP), patrolling the Eastern Seaboard and Gulf Coast in a constant search for German U-boats and survivors of U-boat attacks.

Piper developed a military variant ("All we had to do," Bill Jr. is quoted as saying, "was paint the Cub olive drab to produce a military airplane"),⁵ variously designated as the O-59 (1941), L-4 (after April 1942), and NE (U.S. Navy). The variety of models, as well as similar, tandem-cockpit accommodation aircraft from Aeronca and Taylorcraft, were collectively nicknamed “Grasshoppers” and used extensively in World War II for reconnaissance, transporting supplies and medical evacuation.⁷ L-4s were also sometimes equipped with lashed-on infantry bazookas for ground attack. Mechanically identical to the J-3, the military versions were equipped with large Plexiglas windows extending over the top of the wing and behind the rear-seat passenger, and the side windows were enlarged. Nearly 5,700 L-4s were produced for the U.S. Army and 250 for the U.S. Navy as "elementary trainers".

In Europe, the final dogfight of WWII occurred between an L-4 and a German Fieseler Fi 156 Storch. The pilot and co-pilot of the L-4, Lts. Duane Francis and Bill Martin, opened fire on the Storch with their .45 caliber pistols, forcing the German air crew to land and surrender.^{citation needed}

After the war, most L-4s were destroyed or sold as surplus, but a few saw service in the Korean War. The Grasshoppers sold as surplus in the U.S. were redesignated as J-3s, but often retained their wartime glazing and paint.

Postwar

A Piper Cub

Polish L-4 Cubs in 1951, used in the air ambulance role.

An icon of the era, the J-3 Cub has long been loved by pilots and non-pilots alike, with thousands still in use today. Piper sold 19,073 J-3s between 1938 and 1947, the majority of them L-4s and other military variants. Postwar, thousands of Grasshoppers were civilian-registered under the designation J-3. Hundreds of Cubs were assembled from parts in Canada (by Cub Aircraft as the Cub Prospector), Denmark and Argentina, and by a licensee in Oklahoma.

In the late 1940s, the J-3 was replaced by the Piper PA-11 (1,500 produced), and then the Piper PA-18 Super Cub, which Piper produced until 1981 when it sold the rights to WTA Inc. In all, Piper produced 2,650 Super Cubs. The Super Cub had a 150 hp (110 kW) engine which increased its top speed to 130 mph (210 km/h); its range was 460 miles (740 km).

Modernized and up-engined versions are produced today by Cub Crafters of Washington and by American Legend Aircraft in Texas, as the Cub continues to be sought after by bush pilots for its STOL capabilities, as well as by recreational pilots for its nostalgia appeal. The new aircraft are actually modeled on the PA-11, though the Legend company does sell an open-cowl version with the cylinder heads exposed, like the J-3 Cub. An electrical system is standard from both manufacturers.

So popular is the J-3 as a subject for radio controlled model aircraft that manufacturers of R/C heat shrinkable iron-on covering film and similar fabric coverings produce it in a readily available Cub Yellow hue.

The J-3 is distinguished from its successors by the exposed cylinder heads. There are very few other examples of "flat" aircraft engines (as opposed to radial engines) in which the cylinder heads are exposed. From the PA-11 on through the present Super Cub models, the cowling surrounds the cylinder heads.

A curiosity of the J-3 is that when it is flown solo, the lone pilot normally occupies the rear seat for proper balance, to balance the fuel tank located at the firewall. Starting with the PA-11, and some L-4s, fuel was carried in wing tanks, allowing the pilot to fly solo from the front seat.

Piper J3C-65 displays at Cotswold Airport, Gloucestershire, England in 2010. This aircraft is part of O’Briens Flying Circus Aerobatic Stunt Team.

Piper J3C-65 lands on a moving trailer at Cotswold Airport, Gloucestershire, England, in 2010. This aircraft is shown in closeup above.

Variants

Civil variants

J-3: Equipped with a Continental A-40, A-40-2 or A-40-3 engine of 37 hp (28 kW), or A-40-4 engine of 40 hp (30 kW)⁸
J3C-40: Certified 14 July 1938 and equipped with a Continental A-40-4 or A-40-5 of 40 hp (30 kW)⁹
J3C-50: Certified 14 July 1938 and equipped with a Continental A-50-1 or A-40-2 to -9 (inclusive) of 50 hp (37 kW)⁹
J3C-50S: Certified 14 July 1938 and equipped with a Continental A-50-1 or A-40-2 to -9 (inclusive) of 50 hp (37 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.⁹
J3C-65: Certified 6 July 1939 and equipped with a Continental A-65-1 or A-65-3, 6, 7, 8, 8F, 9 or 14 of 65 hp (48 kW) or an A-65-14, Continental A-75-8, A-75-8-9 or A-75-12 of 75 hp (56 kW) or Continental A-85-8 or C-85-12 of 85 hp (63 kW) or Continental A-90-8F of 90 hp (67 kW)⁹
J3C-65S: Certified 27 May 1940 and equipped with a Continental A-65-1 or A-65-3, 6, 7, 8, 8F, 9 or 14 of 65 hp (48 kW) or an A-65-14, Continental A-75-8, A-75-8-9 or A-75-12 of 75 hp (56 kW) or Continental A-85-8 or C-85-12 of 85 hp (63 kW) or Continental A-90-8F of 90 hp (67 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.⁹
J3F-50: Certified 14 July 1938 and equipped with a Franklin 4AC-150 Series 50 of 50 hp (37 kW)¹⁰
J3F-50S: Certified 14 July 1938 and equipped with a Franklin 4AC-150 Series 50 of 50 hp (37 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.¹⁰
J3F-60: Certified 13 April 1940 and equipped with a Franklin 4AC-150 Series A of 65 hp (48 kW) or a Franklin 4AC-171 of 60 hp (45 kW).¹⁰
J3F-60S: Certified 31 May 1940 and equipped with a Franklin 4AC-150 Series A of 65 hp (48 kW) or a Franklin 4AC-171 of 60 hp (45 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.¹⁰
J3F-65: Certified 7 August 1940 and equipped with a Franklin 4AC-176-B2 or a Franklin 4AC-176-BA2 of 65 hp (48 kW).¹⁰
J3F-65S: Certified 4 January 1943 and equipped with a Franklin 4AC-176-B2 or a Franklin 4AC-176-BA2 of 65 hp (48 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.¹⁰
J3L: Certified 17 September 1938 and equipped with a Lycoming O-145-A1 of 50 hp (37 kW) or a Lycoming O-145-A2 or A3 of 55 hp (41 kW)¹¹
J3L-S: Certified 2 May 1939 and equipped with a Lycoming O-145-A1 of 50 hp (37 kW) or a Lycoming O-145-A2 or A3 of 55 hp (41 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.¹¹
J3L-65: Certified 27 May 1940 and equipped with a Lycoming O-145-B1, B2 or B3 of 65 hp (48 kW)¹¹
J3L-65S: Certified 27 May 1940 and equipped with a Lycoming O-145-B1, B2 or B3 of 65 hp (48 kW). Equipped with optional float kit.¹¹
J3P: Variant powered by a 50 hp (37 kW) Lenape LM-3-50 or Lenape AR-3-160 engine.¹¹²
J-3R: Variant with slotted flaps powered by a 65 hp (48 kW) Lenape LM-3-65 engine.¹
J-3X: 1944 variant with cantilever wing powered by a 65 hp (48 kW) Continental A-65-8 engine.¹

Military designations and variants

YO-59: Test and evaluation aircraft. Four Piper J3C-65s were sold to the US Army Air Corps for evaluation. ¹³
O-59: Production two-seat observation, liasion aircraft for the USAAC; 140 built later re-designated L-4.¹³
O-59A: Improved version, powered by a 65-hp (48-kW) Continental O-170-3 piston engine; 948 built, later re-designated L-4A.¹³
L-4: Resignation of the YO-59 and O-59. ¹⁴
L-4A: Redesignation of the O-59A.¹⁴
L-4B: Similar to the L-4A, but without radio equipment; 980 built.¹⁴
L-4C: Eight impressed J3L-65s, first two originally designated UC-83A.¹⁴
L-4D: Five impressed J3F-65s.¹⁴
L-4H: Similar to the L-4B but with equipment improved and fixed-pitch propeller, 1801 built.¹⁴
L-4J: Same as the L-4H but with controllable-pitch propeller, 1680 built.¹⁴
UC-83A: Two impressed J3L-65s later re-designated L-4C.¹⁵
TG-8: Three-seat training glider variant, 250 built.¹⁶
LNP: Three TG-8 training glider variant for the United States Navy.¹⁶
NE-1: United States Navy designation for the J3C-65 with dual controls, 230 built.¹⁷
NE-2: Same as NE-1 with minor equipment changes, 20 built.¹⁷

Operators

Civil operators

The aircraft has been popular with flying schools and and remains so with private individuals.

Military operators

Paraguay

Military of Paraguay - L-4¹⁸

South Korea

South Korean Air Force¹⁹

Thailand

Royal Thai Air Force^{citation needed}

United Kingdom

Royal Air Force²⁰

United States

Specifications (J3C-65 Cub)

Inside the cockpit of a Piper Cub. The aircraft has far fewer instruments than do more modern aircraft.

Data from The Piper Cub Story²¹

General characteristics

Crew: one pilot
Capacity: one passenger
Length: 22 ft 5 in (6.83 m)
Wingspan: 35 ft 3 in (10.74 m)
Height: 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
Wing area: 178.5 ft² (16.58 m²)
Empty weight: 765 lb (345 kg)
Useful load: 455 lb (205 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 1,220 lb (550 kg)
Powerplant: 1× Continental A-65-8 air-cooled flat four, 65 hp (48 kW) at 2,350 rpm

Performance

Maximum speed: 76 kn (87 mph, 140 km/h)
Cruise speed: 65 kn (75 mph, 121 km/h)
Range: 191 NM (220 mi, 354 km)
Service ceiling: 11,500 ft (3,500 m)
Rate of climb: 450 ft/min (2.3 m/s)
Wing loading: 6.84 lb/ft² (33.4 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 18.75 lb/hp (11.35 kg/kW)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Peperell 1987, pp. 22-34
^ Lord, Magnus (April 2008). "The story of Cub Yellow". http://www.pipercubforum.com/yellow.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
^ "Piper J-3". Aircraft of the Smithsonian. http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/piperj3.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
^ Peter M. Bowers, Piper Cubs (Tab Books 1993)
^ ^a ^b Spence, Charles. "They're All Not Piper Cubs". Aviation History. http://www.thehistorynet.com/ahi/blpipercubs/index.html. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
^ Piper J-3 Cub Film Series (TM Technologies, footage from 1937-1948 shows step-by-step construction. 110 minutes.)
^ ^a ^b ^c Guillemette, Roger. "The Piper Cub". US Centennial of Flight Commission. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/GENERAL_AVIATION/piper/GA6.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
^ ^a ^b Federal Aviation Administration (October 1939). "Approved Type Certificate 660". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/9ae985fe2a4d8847862572c9006eda41/$FILE/ATTQ7W2D/ATC660.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Federal Aviation Administration (August 2006). "AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATION NO. A-691". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/f323caa28762f4c486257209007258d4/$FILE/A-691.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Federal Aviation Administration (August 2006). "AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATION NO. A-692". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/b517fb092ee72c198625720a0055b58a/$FILE/A-692.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Federal Aviation Administration (August 2006). "AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATION A-698". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/654cec2e0f108d0a8625720900728d14/$FILE/a-698.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ Federal Aviation Administration (October 1942). "Approved Type Certificate 695". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/ae0aecbca42009eb862572c9006edb1b/$FILE/ATTYNRM6/TC695.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Andrade 1979, p. 140
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Andrade 1979, p. 129
^ Andrade 1979, p. 81
^ ^a ^b Andrade 1979, p. 170
^ ^a ^b Andrade 1979, p. 201
^ Krivinyi, Nikolaus: World Military Aviation, page 181. Arco Publishing Company, 1977. ISBN 0-668-04348-2
^ ^a ^b ^c Triggs, James M.: The Piper Cub Story, pages 13-19. The Sports Car Press, 1963. SBN 87112-006-2
^ Andrade 1979, p. 239
^ Triggs, James M.: The Piper Cub Story, page 31. The Sports Car Press, 1963. SBN 87112-006-2

Andrade, John (1979). U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN ISBN 0 904597 22 9.
Bowers, Peter M. (1993). Piper Cubs. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8306-2170-9.
Peperell, Roger W; Smith, Colin M (1987). Piper Aircraft and their Forerunners. Air-Britain. ISBN 0 85130 149 5.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Piper Cub

Fixed Wing Piper at the Open Directory Project
Fiddler's Green history of the J-3
The New Piper Aircraft, Inc. - Heritage - Brief timeline of the history of Piper Aircraft Company, starting with the Piper Cub
Sentimental Journey - Annual fly-in of Piper Cubs held in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
Legend Aviation builders of the Legend Cub
Cub Crafters builders of the Sport Cub

[Peperell-0] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Peperell 1987, pp. 22-34

[MagnusLord-1] Lord, Magnus (April 2008). "The story of Cub Yellow". http://www.pipercubforum.com/yellow.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15.

[smith-2] "Piper J-3". Aircraft of the Smithsonian. http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/piperj3.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-02.

[3] Peter M. Bowers, Piper Cubs (Tab Books 1993)

[spence-4] Spence, Charles. "They're All Not Piper Cubs". Aviation History. http://www.thehistorynet.com/ahi/blpipercubs/index.html. Retrieved 2006-04-02.

[5] Piper J-3 Cub Film Series (TM Technologies, footage from 1937-1948 shows step-by-step construction. 110 minutes.)

[guill-6] Guillemette, Roger. "The Piper Cub". US Centennial of Flight Commission. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/GENERAL_AVIATION/piper/GA6.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-02.

[ATC660-7] Federal Aviation Administration (October 1939). "Approved Type Certificate 660". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/9ae985fe2a4d8847862572c9006eda41/$FILE/ATTQ7W2D/ATC660.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[A691-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Federal Aviation Administration (August 2006). "AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATION NO. A-691". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/f323caa28762f4c486257209007258d4/$FILE/A-691.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[A692-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Federal Aviation Administration (August 2006). "AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATION NO. A-692". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/b517fb092ee72c198625720a0055b58a/$FILE/A-692.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[A698-10] Federal Aviation Administration (August 2006). "AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATION A-698". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/654cec2e0f108d0a8625720900728d14/$FILE/a-698.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

[ATC695-11] Federal Aviation Administration (October 1942). "Approved Type Certificate 695". http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/ae0aecbca42009eb862572c9006edb1b/$FILE/ATTYNRM6/TC695.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-18.

[Andrade140-12] Andrade 1979, p. 140

[Andrade129-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Andrade 1979, p. 129

[Andrade81-14] Andrade 1979, p. 81

[Andrade170-15] Andrade 1979, p. 170

[Andrade201-16] Andrade 1979, p. 201

[Krivinyi-17] Krivinyi, Nikolaus: World Military Aviation, page 181. Arco Publishing Company, 1977. ISBN 0-668-04348-2

[Triggs1319-18] Triggs, James M.: The Piper Cub Story, pages 13-19. The Sports Car Press, 1963. SBN 87112-006-2

[Andrade239-19] Andrade 1979, p. 239

[Triggs-20] Triggs, James M.: The Piper Cub Story, page 31. The Sports Car Press, 1963. SBN 87112-006-2

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